Civil Rights Essays (1605 words) - , Term Papers

Civil Rights Civil rights are freedoms and rights guaranteed to a member of a community, state, or nation. Freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic civil rights. The constitution of the United States contains a Bill of Rights that describes simple liberties and rights insured to every person in the United States. Although the Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, civil rights were not always respected to all human beings, especially women and blacks. When the constitution was first written, many Americans understood the meaning of the famous inscripture all men are created equal to mean that all white males were created equal, likewise with other civil rights guarantees as well. As a result, blacks were enslaved, and women were persecuted throughout the late 1700's and early 1800's. During the 1850's abolitionists in the North questioned the morality of southern slavery by writing and preaching about the rights blacks were denied. Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth, paved the way for the first civil rights movement that occurred after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. In the 1950's and early 1960's, whites in the South lived in segregated societies, separating themselves from blacks in every humanly way possible. The old Jim Crow laws governed all aspects of their existence, from the schoolroom to the restroom. Southern blacks faced new discrimination every day whether it be economically, socially, or politically. America was destined for another, more far-reaching civil rights movement. The civil rights movement during the late 1800's and early 1900's provided the foundations for the current civil rights laws achieved throughout the 1960's. Black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights during Reconstruction, the 12-year period after the Civil War. In 1868, after southern president Andrew Johnson vetoed a Civil Rights bill, the radically republican influenced congress transported the principals of the Civil Rights bill to the 14th Amendment. The 14th Amendment conferred civil rights and citizenship for all former slaves, and was incorporated into the requirements for a southern state to regain its statehood. After the 14th Amendment was passed; however, the radical faction of congress was disappointed that it did not grant blacks the right to vote. When this fear that southern states might amend their constitutions so as to withdraw blacks from the ballot was recognized by moderate republicans, Congress formally placed the ballot in the hands of blacks with the 15th Amendment, passed in 1869. With the passing of breakthrough legislation, several leaders emerged to lead this new civil rights mo vement. Ex-slave Booker T. Washington put his newly acquired freedom to use when he started a black industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. He taught his students useful trades so they could eventually gain economic equality. However, Washington stopped short of promoting social equality. In a famous speech in Atlanta, Washington hinted to his belief in gradualism: In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. W.E.B Du Bois, founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was just the opposite of Washington. Du Bois demanded complete equality for blacks, economic as well as social. He believed in the immediate integration of blacks into mainstream American life, regardless of the consequences. In the mist of the progress for the black race, women suffrage arose to try to win the ballot just recently won by blacks. Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, women suffragi sts formed the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890. Suffragists under Catt threatened to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world of the city. Ironically with all the women's suffrage bickering, women did not receive the ballot until 1920 by the 19th Amendment. The civil rights movement of the late 1800's and early 1900's succeeded in breaking the ice for blacks and also in leading the way to women's triumph in 1920. However, this civil rights movement did not accomplish its goals to the fullest due to the lack of government enforcement. After the Reconstruction congress passed unprecedented