Louis Pojman Theory

How to Create and Use Hashes in Ruby

How to Create and Use Hashes in Ruby Arrays are not the only way to manage collections of variables in Ruby. Another type of collection of variables is the hash, also called an associative array. A hash is like an array in that its a variable that stores other variables. However, a hash is unlike an array in that the stored variables are not stored in any particular order, and they are retrieved with a key instead of by their position in the collection. Create a Hash With Key/Value Pairs A hash is useful to store what are called key/value pairs. A key/value pair has an identifier to signify which variable of the hash you want to access and a variable to store in that position in the hash. For example, a teacher might store a students grades in a hash. Bobs grade would be accessed in a hash by the key Bob and the variable stored at that location would be Bobs grade. A hash variable can be created the same way as an array variable. The simplest method is to create an empty hash object and fill it with key/value pairs. Note that the index operator is used, but the students name is used instead of a number.​​ Remember that hashes are unordered, meaning there is no defined beginning or end as there is in an array. So, you cannot append to a hash. Values are simply inserted into the hash using the index operator. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades Hash.newgrades[Bob] 82grades[Jim] 94grades[Billy] 58puts grades[Jim] Hash Literals Just like arrays, hashes can be created with hash literals. Hash literals use the curly braces instead of square brackets and the key value pairs are joined by . For example, a hash with a single key/value pair of Bob/84 would look like this: { Bob 84 }. Additional key/value pairs can be added to the hash literal by separating them with commas. In the following example, a hash is created with the grades for a number of students. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}puts grades[Jim] Accessing Variables in the Hash There may be times when you must access each variable in the hash. You can still loop over the variables in the hash using the each loop, though it wont work the same way as using the each loop with array variables. Because a hash is unordered, the order in which each will loop over the key/value pairs may not be the same as the order in which you inserted them. In this example, a hash of grades will be looped over and printed. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}grades.each do|name,grade|puts #{name}: #{grade}end

Congratulations Card †Wish Your Loved Ones with Beautiful Congratulations Card Essays

Congratulations Card – Wish Your Loved Ones with Beautiful Congratulations Card Essays Congratulations Card – Wish Your Loved Ones with Beautiful Congratulations Card Essay Congratulations Card – Wish Your Loved Ones with Beautiful Congratulations Card Essay No matter if it is a friend, a peer, relative or a family member, one often want to convey their congratulations to their loved ones and offer their best wishes on their memorable occasion. For instance, one would love to receive a congratulations card from you on his/her wedding ceremony. No matter what the celebration reason is, it is wise to create a beautiful cordial message to convey your best wishes and congratulations to them. When looking forward to make you own best wishes or congratulations card, one place where you can find the essential resources is a craft store that has a wide variety of scrapbooking material available. You will not only be able to find dozens of scraps of beautiful papers, fabrics and confetti’s but you will also be able to get your hands on some colorful stickers, decorations and other necessary scrapbooking materials. An ideal way to understand how to make beautiful congratulations card is by buying two or three cards from a store and use them to make your own card. Congratulations Card for Graduates Making a congratulations card for a graduate is like a difficult puzzle for most people. Many people have this wrong notion that they these cards are only given by a friend or a family member to the person who has completed his/her graduation. If truth be told, this card can also be given by the teacher or the academic institute itself. The main purpose of giving a graduation congratulations card is to express your deepest wishes to the graduates. Some institutes give out such cards on the day of graduation ceremony along with the Degree or Certificate. These cards can be found easily on many greeting cards websites for free. However, if you want to make the celebration special to the person and wish him/her in a special way then the ideal way is to give them a meaningful handmade congratulations card. Congratulations Card for Newly Wed Couples These cards are mostly referred as Wedding Congratulations Card and as the name suggests, such kinds of cards are used to convey your sincere wishes to the couples. Mostly these cards are sent to the couples if the sender has failed to attend the wedding ceremony. However, it can also be given to the couples at their wedding in the form of formal card or speech. There are many important tips that one must keep in mind in order to make the card an ideal one. For instance, to make the card expressive or meaningful you can start and end the wishes with a poem or a quotation. You may also include a little humor in the congratulations card. In case you have missed the wedding ceremony due to any important reason, you can send the card offering your apologies and reason for missing their ceremony. It is also suggested that you should send a little gift to the couple along with the best wishes card. No matter what type of congratulation card you are sending and who you are sending to, just make it a meaningful one that expresses your feelings towards their memorable occasion in the best manner.

Ways To Avoid Plagiarism In Academic Papers

Ways To Avoid Plagiarism In Academic Papers Today, when the Internet is rich with all kinds of data, its extremely easy to find content for most academic papers. Thats awesome, but its not always that simple to use information from the net in your paper same time avoiding plagiarism. But you still can do it simply following some easy steps while writing your academic paper so that it will be 100% unique. Paraphrasing When you need to write an academic paper on the specific subject, the first thing to do is to find as much information as you can. Next, you need to read the material and write it in your own words. Make sure you dont copy more than 3 words in a row from the other text you have found online. If you want to literally use the same words (more than 3 words one after another), you should use quotation marks. The right use of quoting will be explained more properly further as the text goes. Citing Citing can be a very effective way to make your paper original. When you are completing some academic assignment, you should just go through the paper formatting guidelines (i.e. MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.) that your university uses or other institution that issued the request for a research. Citing usually entails the addition of information about the author(s) and the publishing date or other things like that. When it comes to web content, citing quotes usually engages the extension of a page number or the paragraph number. Its really that simple. However, make sure to do it properly. Quoting Now we are back to quoting. So, when quoting some other writer, you need to use the quote exactly the way it presents in an original document. Nobody wants to be wrong cited. Still, most universities hate to see quotations with 30 words or more as every student should be competent to adequately paraphrase most works. Sure, this technique is time-consuming, but such effort will pay off with a high grade! Be sure your quotation is not too long and one more thing, make certain to do quoting right to avoid plagiarism accusation. Citing Your Own Content If you are writing an academic paper and need to use some of the content from your previous papers, you need to cite yourself. So, treat the content the same as you tend to do with someone elses writing. It might sound strange, but if you use the same text you have used before that will be characterized as self-plagiarism, and thats not admissible. Referencing Its important to include a reference page that has works presented at the end of your academic paper. Just like for citing, this page must meet the standards for paper formatting of your university. That information must be very explicit and to include all important information. If you want to avoid plagiarism, you should go through the directions on this page very carefully. Checking Edit your academic paper faithfully and look for plagiarism before you turn it to your professor. The steps mentioned here before are crucial for academic paper writing. Also, you should consider using plagiarism detection services such as WriteCheck. It can be a good way to check your paraphrasing and other skills from this article. Likewise, most educators and universities use the some kind of plagiarism checkers to assess students papers. So, dont take the chance of submitting your work before checking it first. Plagiarism may cause you severe problems with your academic degree or even career troubles in the future. If you need expert advice while checking your paper, or if you are not sure what to include in your work, consider asking for help from Essay Writing Place. Our professional writers are ready to help with any college assignment. We want to share our knowledge, skills and experience and assist students when they need it. Well gladly help with preparing a reference list, quoting sources, editing paper or any other problem that may appear in the process of writing. If you feel that you cant cope with the task yourself, let us help you!

Health Campaign Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Campaign Part 2 - Essay Example you identified in Part I; (3) to describe the target population’s incidence, prevalence, and mortality differences between the national and state level; (4) to explain the community-based response to the issue, including community-based planning, needs assessments, and selection of locally identified objectives; (5) to compare institutional and community leadership roles in responding to these targeted health objectives; (6) to describe any economic factors and funding intervention strategies that will address the issue; and (7) to describe the role of social marketing in promoting public health related to the issue of obesity. The issue of addressing obesity has been specifically identified as a national agenda in Healthy People 2010. Its relevance and priority to focus on this chronic illness and to seek ways to address it are possible through epidemiology surveillance systems and tools implemented both in the local and state levels. Several local agencies working in conjunction with national health organizations have outlined strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in their specific areas. When collated, the data form part of the national statistics which inform the public of the updates on this chronic illness. The numerous local and state agencies within the country give authoritative data, facts, and statistics; as well as goals, projected outcomes, and recommendations to assist the public afflicted with obesity. Likewise, professionals, both in local and state agencies, are ready to assist individuals in ensuring that an effective successful long term weight loss is achieved. In this regard, this essay is written to further expound and proffer the relevant issues surrounding obesity, as a national agenda specifically identified in Healthy People 2010, with the following specifically defined goals, to wit: (1) to describe how the target population is defined at the national level and compare how these data may differ in the defined community,

International business case analysis----coca cola Essay

International business case analysis----coca cola - Essay Example Brazil. In terms of potential and growth prospect Brazil is recognized to hold innumerable prospects for future. In this growth path a main obstacle has turned out to be the Tubainas. The case has also thrown light on existing market scenario of Brazil along with consumer behavioral scenario and competition that is present for Coca-Cola in their endeavor of increasing their market share. The growth of B brand as a substitute for the global brands such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi and the reason behind such occurrence have hogged the center stage in the case discussion. The competitive endeavor of Coca-Cola has also been demonstrated in the case in which they have taken strong steps to overcome the stiff competition posed by the rivals in Brazil. The analysis of the provided case will identify major stakeholders in the case and their problems, goals and concerns. Consequently, the report will spot the problem that needs to be resolved and will also find alternative solutions to the identifi ed problems. From the analysis of the alternative solutions a set of detailed recommendations will be presented. In the concluding part, a brief summary on the critical difficulties posed in the case will be highlighted in relation to recommended solutions. Identification of Stakeholder’s Goals, Problems and Concerns The provided case identifies number of stakeholders. The prime stakeholder that has been affected by the described events in the case is the Coca-Cola’s subsidiary situated in Brazil. Their conundrum can be observed as â€Å"for about a decade, the Coca-Cola Company’s Brazilian subsidiary tried to stop the growth of Tubainas†. The troublesome scenario of Coca-Cola in Brazil can be comprehended from the statement in the case that â€Å"rather than the cola war (the name given to Coke versus Pepsi competition in many countries), the real issue for the Brazilian subsidiary of the Coca-Cola Company has been the Tubainas war†. The multifari ous assumptions that have been made here by the Coca-Cola’s Brazilian subsidiary are that they feel that they have been deeply harmed by the Tubainas’ unfair competition. It also further assumed that â€Å"price advantage held by Tubainas was only possible through tax evasion practices†. Tax evasion helped them to stay strategically ahead of its competition. This was an unethical practice by the Tubainas. The major goal of the stakeholders was to build closer ties with the Brazilian consumers in order to improve its image and garner the goodwill. Since the Coca-Cola was accused of economic abuse and unfair trade practices the objective of the company lies in â€Å"refuting the allegations, affirming that all were entirely false and was totally inconsistent with the Coca-Cola’s ethical behavior†. It also wanted to stop the Tubainas growth. For this reason it took over few competitors. In light of the declining market share in Brazil, the companyâ₠¬â„¢s main goal was to fight back and regain its original position. It took several actions such as reducing the overall price with the aim to hamper the Tubainas growth. The other goal as identified in the case study is â€Å"

Why the Pros out weigh the Cons of legalizing marijuana Essay

Why the Pros out weigh the Cons of legalizing marijuana - Essay Example Herein will contain the reasons why the legalization of marijuana should take place, taxes placed on it for the purpose of debt relief and the medicinal value of the plant. It is imperative that the United States pass legislation to legalize the use of marijuana, as there are many people that use the drug for recreational reasons, and those who use it for medicinal reasons as well. According to a survey conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2009, 16.7 million Americans over the age of 12 had used marijuana at least one time in the month before this survey was conducted. That is roughly 5% of the population in the U.S. that were honest enough to admit to marijuana use. Given that so many people use the drug, if legalization were to take place, the taxation of it alone would critically help the United States’ debt problems. Often marijuana is labeled as a ‘gateway’ drug, meaning that it is the beginning drug for people to pursue other more dange rous drugs, like cocaine or heroin. This is a false assumption, and this report will seek to prove that as well. Marijuana has been used for centuries by varying indigenous peoples throughout Europe and Asia. It is thought to be first used as an intoxicant around 1000 B.C. in India. In China, it was used to make cloth and medicine, and considered to be in use in other parts of the world prior to 500 A.D. (National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse, 2010). Among the many religions that use marijuana for religious purposes, the most commonly known are the Rastafarians. They use the drug to â€Å"enhance their consciousness of the relationship between God, Creation and the individual soul.† (Marijuana Legalization Organization, [MLO] 2006). Among other religions, the Quakers, Judeo-Christian, and Shinto use marijuana for religious reasons (MLO, 2006). Marijuana should be legalized, taxed and restricted to certain age groups for use in the United States, as the reasons for l egalization far outweigh the reasons not to legalize. Methodology In order to find out the medicinal value and the reasons for taxation of marijuana, I employed a Google search, and found a multitude of articles, journals and other written outlets both for and against legalization. Marijuana has been found to relieve pain and is a safe and effective treatment of peripheral neuropathy, which is a common occurrence in HIV/AIDS patents. Caused by nerve damage, this type of pain often cannot be effectively treated with standard narcotic pain medicines, but marijuana was shown to give these sufferers relief. It has also been shown to help those suffering from hepatitis C virus to curb the nausea associated with the traditional treatments. It is also being used for sufferers of multiple sclerosis and diabetes (Kampia, 2007). Although there are many medicinal purposes for the plant, legalization and taxation of it would be of enormous benefit to the United States Economy. The costs to the United States and taxpayers are enormous to keep marijuana illegal. There are no certain numbers available due to the variability of costs of factors. Some of those factors are: Cost of law enforcement officers Cost of prosecution and defense of offenders Cost of incarceration of convicted offenders Cost of social services and foster care for children of offenders (MLO, 2006). Given these costs, which are few in the plethora of available issues concerning keeping marijuana illegal, the costs of growing the plant and taxing it are hugely different and beneficial. According to MLO (2006) estimates, the U.S. spends anywhere from $7 to $12 billion each year on drug control programs. These do no include misdemeanor cases, but it is important to note that these numbers to not allow for the expenditures on marijuana alone, as it is all